In 1860s-1870s there appeared a new politically conscious movement Narodnichestvo. Narodniks (Populists) generally believed that it was possible to create a special “Russian socialism”. Alexander Herzen was ideological founder of the political doctrine, he assumed that there could be a socialism backed by peasant communal traditions. The only question left unsolved was how to fight the existing regime to proceed to socialism. And there emerged an idea that narodniks should explain to the rural classes their rights and needs by “going to” and educating the peasant classes. Soon it became obvious that Narodniks failed to initiate a peasant revolution against the Russian autocracy and set sights on more resolute means to combat the autocracy. In 1874 Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty) organization was founded. But there was no unity among its participants. In 1879, Zemlya i Volya broke up in to two independent organizations: Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will) and Chernyi Peredel (Black Partition). The first one believed in the efficacy of political terrorism.